first aid

How is Examining a Casualty for First Aid

2012-02-26T09:42:00.003-08:00

How is examining a casualty for first aid?

What you have to do when you find casualty in front of you? Before you do your action to help the casualty, you should examine the casualty . A detailed examination of the casualty should be undertaken only after taking any vital action needed. As first aider you may need to move or remove clothing, but ensure that, at every stage of your examination, you do not move the casualty more than is absolutely necessary. Always start at the head and work down; the " top-to-toe" routine is both easily remembered and thorough.

Top-to-toe-survey

1. Run your hands carefully over the scalp to feel for bleeding, swelling or depression, that may indicate a possible fracture. Be careful not to move any casualty who you think may have injured her neck, especially if she is unconscious.

2. Speak clearly to the casualty in both ears to see if she responds or if she can hear. Look for blood or clear fluid (or a mixture of both) coming from either ear. These may be signs of damage inside skull.

3. Examine both eyes, noting if they are open, the size of the pupils, whether they are equal in size, and whether they react to light (each pupil should shrink when light falls on it). Look for any foreign body, blood, or bruising in the whites of the eyes.

4. Check the nose for the same signs as in the ears. Look for blood or clear fluid (or mixture of both) coming from either nostril. Any of these might indicate damage inside the skull.

5. Record the rate, depth, and nature (easy or difficult, noisy or quiet) of breathing. note any odor on the breath. Look and feel inside the mouth for anything that might endanger the airway. If dentures are intact and fit firmly, leave them in place. Look for any wound in the mouth or irregularity in the line of the teeth. examine the lips for burns.

6. Note the colour, temperature, and state of the skin: is it pale, flushed or grey-blue (cyanosis); is it hot or cold, dry or damp? For example, pale, cold, sweaty skin suggests heatstroke or fever. A blue tinge indicates lack of oxygen; look for this especially in the lips, ears and face.

7.Loosen clothing around the neck, and look for any warning medallion, or hole in the windpipe left by a surgical operation. Run your fingers gently along the spine from the base of the skull downwards as far as possible, without disturbing the casualty's position, checking for irregularity, swelling or tenderness.

8. ask the casualty to breathe deeply, and note whether the chest expands evenly, easily, and equally on the two sides. Gently feel the ribcage for any deformity, irregularity, tenderness, or a grating sensation on breathing. Observe whether breathing causes the casualty any pain or discomfort. Look for signs of bleeding from any wounds.

9. Gently feel along both the collar bones and the shoulders for any deformity, irregularity or tenderness.

10. Check the movements of elbows, wrists, and fingers by asking the casualty to bend and straighten the arm at the joints. Check that the casualty can feel normally with her fingers and there are no abnormal sensations in the limbs. Note the colour in the fingers, whether they are pale or grey-blue, as this indicates a problem with the circulation. Look for any needle marks on the forearms, or a warning bracelet. take the pulse at the wrist.

11. If there is any signs of impairment of movement or loss of sensation in the limbs, do not move the casualty to examine the spine. Otherwise, gently pass your hand under the hollow of the back and feel along the spine without disturbing the casualty, checking for swelling and tenderness.

12. Gently feel the front of the abdomen for evidence of bleeding, and to identify any rigidity or tenderness of the muscular wall.

13. Feel both sides of the hips, and gently move the pelvis to look for signs of fracture. note any incontinence or bleeding from orifice.

14. Ask the casualty to raise each leg in turn, and to move her ankles and knees. Look and feel for bleeding, swelling, deformity or tenderness.

15. Check movement and feeling in all the toes. Look at their colour: grey-blue skin may indicate a circulatory disorder or cold injury.

How to check Signs and Symptoms for first Aider

2012-02-25T03:58:00.003-08:00

How to check Signs and Symptoms for first Aider

For First Aider, to determine signs and symptoms casualty's are necessary. It will help to make first aid effective and efficient. little things you know about checking signs and symptoms can save life for casualty's, injuries and humans.It can be happened any time, any where to any body in our daily life.

First of all you have to know that every injury and illness manifests itself in distinctive ways that may help your diagnosis. These indications are divided into two groups; signs and symptoms. Some will be obvious, but others may be missed unless you examine the casualty thoroughly from head to toe. A conscious casualty should be examined, wherever possible, in the position found, or with any obvious injury comfortably supported; and unconscious casualty's airway must first be opened and secured. do not remove clothing unnecessarily and do not leave the casualty exposed to cold conditions any longer than required.

Use your sense-look, listen, feel, and smell. Be quick and alert, but be thorough, and do not make unjustified assumptions. You should handle the casualty gently, but your touch must be firm enough to ensure that you feel any swelling or irregularity or detect a tender spot. ask a conscious casualty to describe any sensations your touch causes.

Assessing symptoms

Symptoms are sensations that the casualty experiences, and may be able to describe, if she is conscious. Ask if she has any abnormal sensation, if there is any pain, where it is felt, what type of pain it is, and how movement affects it. If the pain did not follow any injury, find out how and where it began. Severe pain in one place can mask a more serious, but less painful, injury in another.

Ask if there are any other symptoms such as nausea, giddiness, heat, cold, weakness, or thirst. All symptoms should be assessed and confirmed, wherever appropriate, by an examination for signs of injury or illness.

Looking for Signs

Signs are details of a casualty's condition that you can see, feel, hear or smell. Many are obvious, but others may be discovered only during a thorough examination by first aider. Assess the casualty's level of response. If he or she is unconscious or unable to speak clearly, you may have to make a diagnosis purely on the circumstances of the incident, information obtained from onlookers, and the signs you find.

Apply you senses

Look for bleeding, discolouration or deformity. Feel the strength and rhythm of the pulse and listen to the breathing.

Gently feel parts of the body that are painful, noting tenderness or variation in the alignment of a bone. Note if the casualty is unable to perform any normal function, such as moving a limb. Use your sense of smell to search for clues.

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF INJURY OR ILLNESS
The casualty may tell you	· Pain, anxiety, heat, cold, loss of normal movement · Loss of sensation, abnormal sensation, thirst, nausea, tingling · Faintness, stiffness, momentary unconsciousness, weakness · Memory loss, dizziness, sensation of broken bone
You may see these signs	· Anxiety and painful expression, unusual chest movement, burns · Sweating, wounds, bleeding from orifices, response to touch · Swelling, deformity, foreign bodies, needle marks, vomit · Incontinence, containers and other circumstantial evidence
You may feel this signs	· Dampness, abnormal body temperature, tenderness to touch or pressure, swelling, deformity, irregularity, grating bone ends
You may hear this signs	· Noisy or distressed breathing, groaning, sucking sounds (chest injury), response to touch, response to speech, grating bone(crepitus)
You may smell these signs; Remember to smell the casualty’s breath	· Acetone, alcohol, burning, gas of fumes, solvents or glue · Incontinence, cannabis

The Practice of First Aid

2012-02-22T11:29:00.000-08:00

The practice of first Aid

In most situations that require first aid, there will be on life-threatening danger. You will simply be assisting a conscious casualty, whose recovery from some minor injury or illness is not in doubt. in all cases, your aim is to work a plan and discover what is wrong with the casualty, and to give prompt, correct treatment in a methodical way.

Assessing the situation

Before tending to a casualty, however, you must survey the whole scene. Your first responsibility is to make sure that the area is safe. Often hazards such as passing traffic can be dealt with simply, but where the danger is too great or too imminent, you may need to move the casualty even at the risk of aggravating the injury. Do this only if it is safe to approach the casualty: you cannot help others if you also become a casualty. only when the casualty is safe can you begin to treat the illness or injury.

Initial Assessment

When you are sure that it is safe to do so, quickly perform a brief examination of the casualty. This initial assessment is to check for any life-threatening conditions that need urgent first aid to preserve life.

You must perform the checks shown below before making a full diagnosis, and, if necessary, you should be prepared to carry out the appropriate steps to resuscitate the casualty first.

If you suspect that there may be head or neck injuries involved, move the casualty very carefully and only if it is absolutely necessary.

Sending for help

If you think it is needed, send for help promptly. Try to send someone else while you stay with the casualty, but ensure that they report back to you after making the call.

1. Check for consciousness

If the casualty does not respond when spoken to, he may be unconscious. try to elicit a response. Be careful not to move the head or neck.

2. Open the airway

An unconscious casualty's airway may be blocked by tongue falling back. Open the airway by titling the head back.

3. Check for breathing

Once the casualty's airway is open, establish whether he is breathing. If so, place in the recovery position. If not, give two breaths.

4. Check for circulation

If the heart is beating, you should be able to feel a pulse in the neck or at the wrist. Check for a baby's pulse on the inside of the upper arm.

5. Check for bleeding

severe loss of blood reduces the circulation to the vital organs, and can cause serious shock. Control serious bleeding and as soon as breathing and pulse are established.

What to do next

As soon as you have established the condition of the casualty, take appropriate action, based on whether he is:

Unconscious, not breathing, and without a pulse;
Unconscious, not breathing, with a pulse;
Unconscious, breathing, with a pulse;
Conscious, breathing, with a pulse.

How to Cope with Stress for First aider

2012-02-02T10:23:00.000-08:00

Even for the most experienced First Aider, an emergency situation can be upsetting. It is natural to feel stressed whenever you are called upon to administer first aid, and to be very emotional once you have finished treating the casualty.

It is likely that the incident will affect you afterwards, so it is important to face up to how you feel and what has happened. In extreme cases, you may experience the more serious condition. Post -traumatic Stress Disorder.

Coping During an Emergency

Many First Aiders worry that they might not be able to cope in a real-life situation, but in fact your body has a natural mechanism that prompts you to act quickly in an emergency. In the "fight or flight "response, your body is prepared for physical exertion. So the stress you will feel is your body's way of getting you through a difficult situation.

Calming down

Although the "fight or flight" response is beneficial, sometimes too great a rush of adrenaline may effect your ability to cope. Taking slow, deep breaths will help you to calm down, leaving you better able to remember your first-aid procedures.

Fight or Flight response

When faced with any stressful situation, the body will automatically respond by releasing the hormones, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol, which prepare the body to fight or flee. This response occurs in all animals as a reaction to a threatening or stressful situation, but in the human body signs include:

> a pounding heart

> deep, fast breathing

> pupils widening to let in more light

> increase sweeting

> alertness of mind

> greater blood flow to the muscles

> a rise in blood sugar level for energy

Feelings after the Incident

After you have treated the casualty, depending on the type of incident and the outcome, you might experience;

satisfaction and pleasure-it is natural to feel good about yourself if the treatment has gone well;
confusion and doubt-you might question your actions and feel you could have done more, especially if the outcome is unclear;
anger and sadness-being upset is normal, especially in major incidents; releasing these feelings at the time will help you get over the event more quickly.

How to do First Aid in Electrical Injuries Situation

2012-01-31T23:34:00.000-08:00

Being First Aid in Electrical Injuries

When a person is electrocuted, the passage of electrical current through the body may stun the casualty, causing breathing and even the heart to stop. the current may cause burns both where it enters the body and both where it enters the body and where it leaves the body to go to "earth". Alternating current also causes muscle spasms that often prevent the casualty from letting go of an electric cable, so the casualty may still be "live"when first aider come on the scene.

Lightning

A natural burst of electricity discharge from the atmosphere, lightning forms an intense trail of light and hear that seeks contact with the ground through the nearest tall feature in the landscape, and possibly, anyone standing by it.

A lightning strike may set clothing on fire and knock the casualty down. Occasionally, it may cause instant death. clear everyone from the site of lightning strike as soon as possible.

High-Voltage Current

Contact with high-voltage current, found in power lines and overhead high-tension (HT) cable, is usually immediately fatal. Severe burn always result. The sudden muscular spams produced by the shock may propel the casualty some distance, causing injuries such as fractures.

High-voltage electricity may jump ("are") up to 18 meters (20 yards). Materials such as dry wood or clothing will not protect you. The power must be cut off and isolated before first aider approach the casualty. This is crucial where railway overhead power lines are damaged.

Low-Voltage Current

Domestic current, as used in homes, offices, workshops, and shops, can cause serious injury, and even death. many injuries result from faulty switches, frayed flex, or defects within a appliance itself. Young children are especially at risk.

First Aider must be aware of the hazards of water, which is dangerously efficient conductor of electricity. handling an otherwise safe appliance with wet hands, or when standing on a wet floor, greatly increases the risk of a shock.

Action

DO NOT touch the casualty if he is in contact with the electrical current; he will be "live" and first aider will risk of electrocution.

DO NOT use anything metallic to push away the electrical source.

Break the contact by switching off the current, at the mains or meter point if it can be reached easily. Otherwise, remove the plug or wrenched the cable free.

IF first aider is unable to reach the cable, socket, or mains, follow this procedure.

Stand on dry insulting material such as a wooden box, a rubber or plastic mat, a telephone directory or a thick pile of newspaper. Push the casualty's limbs away from the source with a broom, wooden chair or stool, or push the source away from the casualty, whichever is the easier.
Without touching the casualty, loop rope around his feet or under the arms and pull him away from the source.
If absolutely necessary, pull the casualty free by fulling at his loose, dry clothing. \do this only as a last resort.

IF the casualty is unconscious, open the airway, check breathing and pulse, and be ready to resuscitate if necessary. Place him in the recovery position. Cool any burns with cold water.

Dial emergency number for an ambulance.

IF the casualty seems to be unharmed, he should be advised to rest. Observe him closely and, if in doubt, call a doctor.

IF THE HEART STOP

Apply the ABC of resuscitation until a normal heartbeat returns or specific medical treatment is given. If trained, a blow with the heel of a hand on the centre of the chest may help, but this should be tried only twice.

How to cloth on Fire in First Aid

2012-01-29T10:17:00.000-08:00

Clothing on Fire in First Aid

Always follow the same procedure for casualty with burning clothing: Stop, Drop, AND Roll. If possible, wrap the casualty before rolling them.

DO NOT attempt to use flammable materials to smother flames.

What you can do being first aider?

Stop the casualty panicking or running around or outside; any movement or breeze will fan the flames.
If possible, Wrap the casualty tightly in a coat, curtain, blanket (not the nylon or cellular type), rug, or other heavy fabric. The best fabric for this is wool.
Roll the casualty along the ground until the flames have been smothered.

If water or another non-flammable liquid is readily available, lay the casualty down with burning side uppermost, and extinguish the flames by dousing him in plenty of the liquid.

If your own clothes catch fire and help is not available, extinguish the flames by wrapping yourself up tightly in suitable material, and rolling along the ground.

SMOKE and FUMES

any fire in a confined space creates a highly dangerous atmosphere that is low in oxygen and may be contaminated by carbon monoxide and toxic fumes. Never enter a burning or fume-filled building, or open a door leading to a fire. Leave it to the emergency services.

What you can do as first aider

If trapped in a burning building, go into a room with a window and shut the door. If you must pass through a smoke-filled room, keep low down: the air at floor level is the clearest.
If you have to escape through a window, go out feet first and lower yourself to the full length of your arms before dropping to the ground.

First Aid in Fires

2012-01-25T12:15:00.000-08:00

First Aid in Fires

What you have to think about fires?

Learn how to protect you and other inside the building, what do in an emergency fire, how to stock a first-aid kit

Rapid, clear thinking at a fire is vital. Fire spreads very quickly, so warn any people at risk, and alert the emergency services immediately. Panic also spreads quickly, so you must calm anyone who is likely to increase alarm.

If leaving a burning building, try to help everyone out of the building without putting yourself at risk. Shut all doors behind you. look for fire exits and assembly points. You should know the evacuation procedure at your workplace. If visiting business premises, follow instructions given by staff.

If arriving at a fire or burns incident, STOP, OBSERVE, THINK, and DO NOT RUSH IN. There may be flammable or explosive substances, such as gas, or toxic fumes or a risk of electrocution. A minor fire can escalate in minutes to a serious blaze. If there is a risk to you, wait for the emergency services.

DO NOT use lifts in any circumtances.

LEAVING A BURNING BUILDING

Activate the first fire alarm you see.
Close each door behind you as you go.
Do not run, but walk quickly and calmly.

DEALING WITH A FIRE

A fire needs three components to start and maintain it: ignition (an electric spark or naked flame); a source of fuel (petrol, wood, or fabric); and oxygen (air). Remove any one of these to break this "triangle of fire". For example:

switch off a car's ignition or pull the fuel cut-off on large diesel vehicles;
remove from the path of a fire any combustible materials, such as curtains or cardboard, that may fuel the flames;
shut a door on a fire to cut off its oxygen supply, smother flames with a smoke blanket or other impervious substance.

DO NOT attempt to fight a fire unless you have called the emergency services and made sure that you are not putting your own safety at risk.

Road Accidents

2012-01-24T10:52:00.000-08:00

Road accidents

Road accidents range from a fall from bicycle to a major incident with many casualties. Often, the accident site will present serious risks to safety, largely because of passing traffic. It is essential to make the area safe-to protect yourself, the casualty, and other road users.

Make the accident site safe

First ensure your own safety, and do not do anything that might create danger.

Park safely, well clear of the accident site. set your hazard lights flashing.
Do not run across a busy motorway.
At night, wear or carry something light or reflective, and use a torch.

Then take these general precautions.

Send bystanders to warn other drivers.
Set up warning triangles or lights 200 meters (250 yards) in each direction.
Switch off the ignition of any damaged vehicle and, if you can, disconnect the battery. Switch off the fuel supply on diesel vehicles and motorcycles.
Stabilise vehicles. If vehicle is upright, apply the hand-brake and put it in gear, or put blocks at the wheels. if a vehicle is on its side, do not right it, but try to prevent it from rolling over.
Look out for physical dangers. is any one smoking? Are there goods vehicles displaying hazchem symbols? Are there damaged power lines or split fuel? If you see a radiation hazard sign, make sure that you alert the police immediately.

Check the casualties

Quickly assess all casualties, moving them only if they are in danger or you need to do so to apply life-saving treatment. Deal with life-threatening conditions first. search the area thoroughly, so that you do not overlook a casualty who may have been thrown clear in the accident or have wandered away while confused.

For an unconscious casualty

Assume there is a neck injury until proved otherwise. Support the head and neck with your hands, so that the casualty can breathe freely. Apply a collar, if possible. Do not move the casualty unless it is absolutely necessary.
Treat any life-threatening injuries if possible. Monitor and record breathing, pulse, and level of response every ten minutes.

If it is essential to move the casualty you will need three people to help you: one to support the shoulders and chest, one for the hips and abdomen, and one for the legs. Support the casualty's head continuously and direct all movements.

For a casualty trapped under a vehicle

Mark the exact position of the vehicle and the casualty first. The police will need this information.
Try to find help to lift or move the vehicle and, only if it is absolutely necessary, drag the casualty clear.

Hazardous substances

Accidents may be complicated by the spillage of dangerous substances or the escape of toxic vapours. never make a rescue attempt unless you are sure that you will not come into contact with a dangerous substance. Keep bystanders away from the scene, bearing in mind that poisonous fumes may be released and travel some distance.

Stand upwind of the accident to ensure that any fumes are blown away from you.

Multiple Casualties

2012-01-22T23:28:00.000-08:00

Multiple Casualties

In situations such as major traffic accidents, you may find yourself in the difficult position of having to deal with several casualties at the same time. You may be on your own, working with other first aider, or with professionals. A methodical and calm approach will be crucial in the initial chaos. Always follow the ABC of resuscitation in order to establish treatment priority, and attend first to any unconscious casualty. Remember you can only do your best in these circumstances.

Major Incidents

Major incidents involving a large number of casualties may place overwhelming demands on rescuers. The first task is to ensure that the emergency services are contacted immediately and given accurate information about the incident. The next priority is to assess the scene, and providing it is safe to do so, to start giving emergency first aid.

If other first aiders come forward, give them as much information as possible. The most senior First Aider present should take charge of the team. when the emergency service arrive, the senior officer will take absolute control.

When a major accident occurs, the police will establish rendezvous points and nominate officers for all rescuers to report to. it is vital not to disturb any evidence on site, especially following fatal accidents, as there may be a legal inquiry.

The role of the First Aider

At major public events, especially when there is a doctor on your team, you constitute the on-site medical team until hospital and other service arrive. When they do arrive, your role will diminish.

At any major incident, you must leave the scene if asked to do so by a member of the emergency services. However, you may be asked to help the medical teams by performing simple tasks, for example holding drips or supporting limbs.

Always do as you are asked; your help will be greatly appreciated.

How you can help

Identify the serious casualties and mark them for immediate treatment. Move casualties with minor surgery quickly from the site to allow access to serious cases; minor injures can be treated when time allows. This process is called triage.
Casualties who are obviously dead should be left, so to help can be given to those who need it.
All those involved should be logged, and casualties labelled, so that accurate records can be made and maintained.
workers or residents at a near the site of a disaster should be alerted to security risks and any further hazards.

2012-01-22T10:06:00.001-08:00

How to do Basic First Aid

Basic first aid refers to the initial process of assessing and addressing the needs of someone who has been injured or is in physiological distress due to choking, a heart attack, allergic reactions, drugs or alcohol or other medical emergencies. Basic first aid allows you to quickly determine a person's physical condition and the correct course of treatment. You should always seek professional medical help as soon as you are able, but following correct first aid procedures can be the difference between life and death.Note: Much of this article deals with first aid for life threatening situations in which the victim is unresponsive. Many of these steps will not apply in situations where you already know the problem or the extent of the harm to a person. In that case, you should search for the specific article, or skim this one to find more information on addressing particular conditions.

Steps

Evaluate the situation. Are there things that might put you at risk of harm? Are you or the victim threatened by fire, toxic smoke or gasses, an unstable building, live electrical wires or other dangerous scenario? Do not rush into a situation where you could end up as a victim yourself.
- If approaching the victim will endanger your life, seek professional help immediately; they have higher levels of training and know how to handle these situations.
Remember your A,B,Cs. The A,B,Cs of first aid refer to the three critical things you need to look for.[1]
- Airway – Does the person have an unobstructed airway?
- Breathing – Is the person breathing?
- Circulation – Does the person show a pulse at major pulse points (wrist, carotid artery, groin)?
Avoid moving the victim. Avoid moving the victim unless they are in immediate danger. Moving a victim will often make injuries worse, especially in the case of spinal cord injuries.[2]
Call Emergency Services. Call for help or tell someone else (a specific person, if possible) to call for help as soon as possible. If you are the only person on the scene, try to establish breathing before calling for help, and do not leave the victim alone for an extensive amount of time.
Determine responsiveness. If a person is unconscious, try to rouse them by gently shaking and speaking to them.
If the person remains unresponsive, carefully roll them onto their back and open his airway.[1]
- Keep head and neck aligned.
- Carefully roll them onto their back while holding his head.
- Open the airway by lifting the chin.
Look, listen and feel for signs of breathing. Look for the victim's chest to rise and fall, listen for sounds of breathing (place your ear near the nose and mouth, and feel for breath on your cheek.
- If the victim is not breathing, see the section below.
- If the victim is breathing, but unconscious, roll them onto their side, keeping the head and neck aligned with the body. This will help drain the mouth and prevent the tongue or vomit from blocking the airway.
Check the victim's circulation. Look at the victim's color and check their pulse (the carotid artery is a good option; it is located on either side of the neck, below the jawbone). If the victim does not have a pulse, start CPR.[3]
- How to Administer Adult CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)
- How to Do CPR on a Baby
Treat bleeding, shock, and other problems as needed. After you have established that the victim is breathing and has a pulse, your next priority should be to control any bleeding. Particularly in the case of trauma, you should take steps to control or prevent shock. Click on any of the linked articles for detailed instructions on how to manage a particular problem.
- How to Stop Bleeding – Control of bleeding is one of the most important things you can do to save a trauma victim. Use direct pressure on a wound before trying any other method of managing bleeding. Read the linked article for more detailed steps you can take.
- How to Treat Shock – Shock, a loss of blood flow to the body, frequently follows physical and occasionally psychological trauma. A person in shock will frequently have cool, clammy skin, be agitated or have an altered mental status, and have pale color to the skin around the face and lips. Untreated, shock can be fatal. Anyone who has suffered a severe injury or life-threatening situation is at risk for shock. Click on the linked article for information on how to treat shock.
- How to Help a Choking Victim – Choking can cause death or permanent brain damage within minutes. Read this article for ways to help a choking victim. The article addresses helping both children and adult choking victims.
- How to Treat a Burn – Treat first and second degree burns by immersing or flushing with cool water (no ice). Don't use creams, butter or other ointments, and do not pop blisters. Third degree burns should be covered with a damp cloth. Remove clothing and jewelry from the burn, but do not try to remove charred clothing that is stuck to burns.
- Treat a Concussion – If the victim has suffered a blow to the head, look for signs of concussion. Common symptoms are: loss of consciousness following the injury, disorientation or memory impairment, vertigo, nausea, and lethargy. Read the linked article for the best ways to treat a concussion.
- How to Treat a Spinal Injury Victim – If you suspect a spinal injury, it is especially critical that you not move the victim's head, neck or back UNLESS THEY ARE IN IMMEDIATE DANGER. You also need to take special care when performing rescue breathing or CPR. Read this article to learn what to do.
- How to Treat a Bullet Wound – Bullet wounds are serious and unpredictable. Read on for special considerations when treating someone who has suffered a gunshot wound.
Stay with the victim until help arrives. Try to be a calming presence for the victim until assistance can arrive.

If the victim is not breathing
Follow these steps to restore breathing in an unconscious victim. These steps assume you have already performed the chin lift described above (see image).

Check for a clear airway. Remove any obvious blockage.
Cover the victim's mouth with your own.
Pinch the victim's nose closed.
Attempt to fill victim's lungs with two slow breaths. If the breaths are blocked, reposition the airway. Make sure the head is tilted slightly back and the tongue is not obstructing it. Try again.
If breaths are still blocked, give 5 quick, forceful abdominal thrusts. This is the equivalent of the Heimlich Maneuver in a standing person.
- Straddle the victim.
- Place a fist just above the belly button and below the breastbone.
- Thrust upward to expel air from the lungs.
- Sweep the mouth to remove any foreign objects.
- Try two slow breaths again.
- Repeat until you are successful in clearing the object from the windpipe.
With open airway, begin rescue breathing.
- Give one breath every 5 seconds.
- Check that the chest rises every time.
Administer CPR if the victim does not have a pulse.
if you don't know how to do CPR then don't try it. wait for the cops

Tips

As much as this article can cover, you will only learn so much from reading steps on how to do this. As such, try to find training in first aid and/or CPR if at all possible - this gives you, the reader, the ability to learn hands-on exactly how to bind fractures and dislocations, bandage moderate to severe wounds, and even perform CPR, and you will find yourself better prepared for treating those in need after the training. In addition, these certifications also protect you in the event of legal action - while Good Samaritan laws will protect you in these cases, certifications simply bolster this.
If possible, use latex gloves or other barriers to protect yourself from others' bodily fluids.
If a person is impaled on an object, do not remove it unless it is obstructing an airway. Removing the object is likely to cause additional injuries and increase the severity of bleeding. Avoid moving the person. If you must move them, you may shorten and secure the object.[1]

Warnings

Moving someone with spinal cord damage may increase the likelihood of paralysis or death.
Do not touch someone who is being shocked by an electrical current. Turn off the power or use a piece of non-conductive material (e.g., wood, dry rope, dry clothing) to separate him from the power source before touching him.[4]
Before touching a victim or rendering any aide, get consent to treat! Check the laws in your area. Rendering aide without consent may lead to legal action. If someone has a "Do not resuscitate" order, respect it. If the person is unconscious and at risk of death or injury, without any known "Do not resuscitate" order, go ahead and treat by implied consent.
Never try and reset a broken or dislocated bone. Remember, this is first aid - if you are doing this, you are preparing a patient for transport. Unless you are 110% sure of what you are doing, resetting a dislocation or broken bone runs a strong risk of making things worse.
Never, ever put yourself in danger! As much as this seems to lack compasasion, remember that being a hero, in this case, means nothing if you come back dead.
If you aren't sure what to do, leave it to the professionals. If it's not a life-critical injury, doing the wrong thing can endanger the patient. See the note about training, up above in tips.

DONT MOVE THE PERSON. it could harm them even more. Wait for cops

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2011-12-11T08:29:00.000-08:00

4 Herbal Prescription Drugs To Treat Diseases Flu in winter season

Caused by the influenza virus could make throat pain, sneezing, coughing, shortness of breath and headaches can even lead to feeling tired and not feeling well; these conditions we often call it attacked Flu.Flu and fever usually lasts for 1 week.

Let's not underestimate the flu is because it can cause more serious illness, such as ear infection, or lung infection called pneumonia.

Handling

1.Eat foods that contain lots of vitamin C

2. Drink pure Water, at least 8 glasses per day

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3. Enough rest and keep the body warm

4. Reducing Stress. Stress can weaken the body's immune system

5. Wash our hand after touching dirty things, washing hands clean of bacteria and germs

6. Moderate exercise, such as walking 30 minutes every day to strengthen the body's immune system

7. Use ginger in food and beverages

8. avoid place that many people, especially if one of them suffering from the flu

10.Expose air is too cold or wet can make you sick. If feeling cold, get warm bath and wear warm clothes.

11. Spirit of positive thinking is the key to staying healthy and happy.

Tips eliminating mucus in the nose

1. prepare large basin or bowl, fill with enough hot water

2. Keep close nose to the upper basin / bowl and cover head with a towel (so the steam does not come out soon)

3. Inhale existing steam with the nose up to several minutes for the nose that was closed immediately open

4. If nose congested, can also be inhaled through the mouth to the nose feel more spacious.

5. More better if the water is mixed with honey or table salt (about 1 tablespoon)

4 Herbal Prescription Drugs to treat the flu

1. Onion

Prepare the grated onion, then paste on the seventh cervical spine (the neck) and the crown of the child's account after previously spread with eucalyptus oil

2.Garlic

Eat chicken soup add onions and garlic, ancient medicine is efficacious because it increases the flow of nasal mucus that make germ removed from the system of our body.

3.Ginger

Brewed wedang ginger (ginger, brown sugar and honey) during still heat , and will grow nutritious when added 2 cloves every glass. Ginger contains several antiviral compounds that specifically fight against rhinovirus. Ginger also stimulates circulation thus help reduce the feeling of cold.

4. Honey

A recipe:

Combine 1/4 tablespoon ground cinnamon, one tablespoon honey and 1 tablespoon warm water, stirring until mixed. Drink every day for 3 days.

Recipe B:

3-4 cloves of garlic mashed with mortar (ulek). While grinding the input of honey and stir until the garlic looks transparent. Drink this herb 1 tablespoon, 3 times a day.
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2011-11-06T10:56:00.000-08:00

Pain management of non pharmacology

The mechanism of pain is simply starts from the transduction of stimuli due to tissue damage in the sensory nerves to electrical activity and then transmitted through myelinated A-delta nerve fibers and non-myelinated nerve C into the spinal cord dorsal horn, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. Electrical impulses are perceived and discriminated against as the quality and quantity of pain after a modulation along the peripheral nerves and central nervous system. Stimuli that can evoke pain may be mechanical stimuli, temperature (hot or cold) and chemical agents that are released due to injury / inflammation.

Abstract

Pain is a sensory and emotional experience discomfort as a result of actual or potential tissue damage connected. One reason to seek medical treatment.
Because the nurse as much of their time interacting with patients complaining of pain compared with other health professions, the nurse must understand the psychology physiology and consequences of acute and chronic illness, and methods to overcome the pain. Nurses face the painful case of patients with various ways including acute action, OPD, and long term care at home. Then the nurse also need to know in theory and practice to assess pain and its effect on patients, pain management to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy.
1. Pathophysiology pain
2. Types of pain
3. Pain management of non pharmacology
4. Indications and contraindications

The effects of pain
1. Acute effect on pulmonary, cardio vascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, system immunology
2. Chronic pain affects depression and disability

Chemical mediators of pain
1. Prostaglandins, histamine, bradikinine, acetylcholine, all chemical substances in the body of this effect increases the sensitivity of pain
2. Enkephins and endorphins, chemicals in the central nervous system works to reduce and inhibit the transmission and pain perception
1. The existence of enkephalins and endorphins to explain why everyone felt the difference in pain levels with stimulated by the same stimulus, the excess of endorphins to feel a little pain when compared to a little womb endorphisnya.
2. The classic teory gate control of pain (Wall, 1978)
Interconnected between the stimulus pain with the sensation of another, which blocks / inhibits pain stimuli
3. Descending control system
Fiber system originating from the bottom and the midportion of the brain (especially in aqueductal dray matter) and out into the fiber nerves in the spinal cord dorsal horn. This system in addition to actively prevent the transmission of pain stimuli, as endophrins role. The process of cognition can stimulate endorphin production didescending control system. Effectiveness of the system is illustrated by the effects of distraction. For example, visitors or favorite TV distraction can increase the activity in the descending control system. Thus, patients may visitor arrivals will not complain because the activity of descending pain control system that will withstand the pain. Instead the effect of depression is inversely proportional to distraction, because it lowers the activity of descending control systems and improve the perception of pain.
Assessment
The wrong perception of pain
1. Someone will easily addicted to pain medication
2. Patients who are good who avoid pain medication or do not complain of pain
a. Scale to assess pain. (Ganbar 12-4)
To avoid the subjectivity of nurses and doctors
b. Ask for an explanation of the patient about the pain:
> The intensity of pain; example, small, medium, very. 0-10 scale
> Characteristics of others; location, duration (minutes, hours, days), rhythm (continuous, sometimes), quality (sharp pain, burning pain)
> Factors that could nenurunkan pain (movement, bending)
> Ill effects on daily activities (lack of sleep, decreased appetite and work)
> Pasen Attention to pain (body image change)
c. Using a visual analogy images and face images. (For children)
Factors that influence the pain response
1. Past experience
2. Anxiety and depression
3. Culture and ethnicity
4. Age
5. Placebo effect
The types of pain:
1. Acute Pain
2. Chronic Pain
3. cancer pain

 The role of nurses in pain management.
Nurses help ease the pain of patients with non pharmacology and pharmacology and actions, assess the effectiveness of such measures. Monitor side effects, for some patients, outcomes or targets to be achieved is to stop the pain. For others it may just lower the intensity, duration, and frequency of pain and reduce the negative effects and illness. For example, pain interferes with a person's appetite and sleep patterns, for this case, the main purpose, of this problem is increasing good nutrition and sleep patterns effectively . Interfere with quality of life of chronic pain patients, especially the world of work and interpersonal relationships. This Goal is increasing productivity and interpersonal relationships.
Nurse-patient relationship.
1. Patient-nurse relationship is positive is the key to controlling the patient's pain.
2. Nurse-patient relationship is positively marked by mutual trust and empathy
3. Gives an explanation of pain control at home and avoid side effect.
> Helping daily living activities
> Controlling the anxiety associated with pain

Pain management strategies
1. Non pharmacology pain
Although a powerful pain medication for pain relief, but not the only way, many other ways that can be taken with a more minimal side effects.
a. Cutaneous stimulation and massage
The gate control theory of pain aims to stimulate the fibers of non-transmission of pain sensations that can block or reduce transmission of pain impulses-impulses. Some pain management non pharmacology including rubbing the skin, warm and cold compress is based on the theory of the stretcher. Massage also produces a sense of comfort due to make the muscles relax.
b. Ice and warm therapy

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2011-07-22T04:02:00.000-07:00

Resuscitation

For life to continue, the body requires an adequate supply of oxygen to enter the lungs and be transferred to all cells in the body through the blood stream. In particular, if the brain, the organ that controls all bodily functions, does not have a constant supply of oxygen it will begin to fail after three or four minutes. Without oxygen, the casualty will lose consciousness, the heart beat and breathing will cease, death will result.

The ABC of life

Three elements are involve in getting oxygen to the brain. The air passage, or Air way, must be open so that oxygen can enter the body, breathing must take place so that oxygen can enter the blood stream via the lungs; and he blood must travel around the body (the Circulation, taking the oxygen to all the tissues and organs, including the brain.

Resuscitation techniques

The priority in treating any casualty is to establish and maintain effective breathing and circulation. The sequence of techniques used to sustain life in the absence of spontaneous breathing and heartbeat is known as Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).

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2007-01-11T21:38:00.000-08:00

ACTION AT AN EMERGENCY

Effective first aid usually begins before any direct contact with the casualty. You should approach any incident with firmness, authority, and control in order to reassure the casualty and any bystanders. This is particularly important if there are many casualties, when calm, systematic attitude on your part can help to prevent further injuries and enhance the survival of the casualties.

The principles of emergency first aid

Clear rules exist to ensure safety in hazardous situations and this chapter will make you aware of these. You will also learn how and when to alert the mergency services, understand which branch is appropriate to different emergencies, and be able to brief them clearly on their arrival.

FIRST-AID PRIORITIES
Assess the situation
> Observe what has happened quckly and calmly.
> Look for dangers to yourself and to the casualty.
> Never put yourself at risk.

Make the area safe
> Protect the casualty from danger.
> Be aware of your limitations.

Assess all casualties and give emergency first aid
> Assess each casualty to determine treatment priorities, and treat those with life-threatening conditions first.

Get help

> Quickly ensure that any necessary specialist help has been summoned and is on its way.

FIRST AID AT AN EMERGENCY

Working to a clear plan during and emergency will help to encsure that you are effectively prioritising the many demands upon your attention.
Don not allow yourself to become distracted by non-vtal activities. Always bear in mind the main steps of emergency action---Assess, Make Safe, Give Emergency Aid, and get Help.
> Control your feelings
> Take a moment to think.
> Do not place yourself in danger.
> Use your common sense.
> Do not attempt too much alone.
> Be aware of potential dangers such as gas or petrol: use your eyes, ears, and nose to look for clues, for example the hiss of gas or smell of petrol.

ASSESS THE SITUATION

Your approach should be brisk, but calm and controlled, so that you can quickly take in as much information as possible. Your priorities are to identify any risks to yourself, to the casualty, and to any bystanders, then to assess the resources available to you and the kind of help you may need. State that you have first aid skill when offering your help. If there are no doctors, nurse, or more experienced people present, calmly take charge. First ask yourself these questions:
> Is there any continue danger?
> Is anyone's life in immediate danger?
> Are there bystanders who can help?
> Do i need specialist help?

MAKE THE AREA SAFE

The conditions that caused the accident may still be presenting further danger. Remember that you must put your own safety first. You cannot help others if you become a casualty yourself.
Often, very simple measures, such as turning off an electric switch, are enough to make the area safe. Sometimes more complicated procedures are required. NEver put risk by attempting to do too much; be aware of your limitations.

Dealing with ongoing danger
If you cannot eliminate a life-threatening haxard, you must try to put some distance between it and the casualty, by attempting to remove the danger from the casualty if possible. In many situations, you will need specialist help and equipment.

GIVE EMERGENCY AID

Once it is safe, quickly make an initial assessment of each casualty following the ABC of resuscitation, so that any casualty needing emergency first aid is treated immediately.
Establish whether each casualty:
> Is conscious;
> Has an open airways;
> Is breathing
> Has a pulse.
Your findings dictate your priorities and when and how much help is needed

GET HELP

You may be faced with a number of tasks; to maintain safety, to telephone for help, and to start first aid. Other people can be asked to:
> Make the area safe;
> Thelephone for assistance;
> Fetch first-aid equipment;
> Control bleeding or support a limb;
> Maintain the casualty's pripacy;
> Transport the casualty to a safe place.

The control of onlookers
The reaction of by standers may cause you concern or even anger. Most of them will have no first-aid training and that could make them feel helpless or frightened. If they have without realising it, and will certainly be distressed. If you need to ask a bystander to help, do so in a firm, but gentle manner.

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2007-01-11T11:41:00.000-08:00

First aid is the immediate assistance or treatment given to someone injured or suddenly taken ill before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor or other appropriately qualified person. The person offering this help to a casualty must act calmly and with confidence, and above all must be willing to offer assistance whenever the need arises.

Being a First Aider

Most people can, by following the guidance given, give useful and effective first aid. However, first aid is a skill based on knowledge, training, and experience. The term “first Aider” is usually applied to someone who has completed a theoretical and practical instruction course, and passed a professionally supervised examination.

AIMS OF FIRST AID
 To preserve life
 To limit worsening of the condition
 To promote recovery

THE FIRST AIDER IS:
 Highly trained
 Examined and regularly re-examined
 Up-to-date in knowledge and skill

BEING A FIRST AIDER

The first aider learned from a manual or course is not quite like reality. Most of us feel apprehensive when dealing with “the real thing”. By facing up to cope with the unexpected.

Doing your part
First aid is not an exact science, and is thus open to human error. Even with appropriate treatment, and however hard you try, a casualty may not respond as hoped. Some conditions inevitably lead to death, even with the best medical care. If you do your best, your conscience can be clear.

Assessing risks
The golden rule is, “ First do no harm”, while applying the principle of “calculated risk”. You should use the treatment that is most likely to be of benefit to a casualty, but do not use a doubtful treatment just for the sake of doing something.

The “Good Samaritan”
This principle supports those acting in an emergency (but not those who go beyond accepted boundaries). If you keep calm, and you follow the guidelines ,you need not fear any legal consequences.
PROTECTING THE CASUALTY
To avoid cross-infection when giving first aid, if possible you should:
 Avoid direct contact with body fluids where possible
 Wash your hands
 Wear protective gloves.
If gloves are unavailable, life-saving treatment must still be given.

YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES AS A FIRST AIDER
 To assess a situation quickly and safely, and summon appropriate help.
 To protect casualties and others at the scene from possible danger.
 To identify, as far as possible, the injury or nature of the illness affecting a casualty.
 To give each e early and appropriate treatment, treating the most serious condition first.
 To arrange for the casualty’s removal to hospital, into the care of a doctor, or to his or her home.
 To remain with a casualty until appropriate care us available.
 To report your observations to those taking over care of the casualty, and to give further assistance if required.
 To prevent cross-infection between yourself and the casualty as much as possible.

GIVING CARE WITH CONFIDENCE

Every casualty needs to feel secure and in safe hands. You can create an air of confidence and assurance by:
 being in control, both of yourself and the problem;
 acting calmly and logically;
 being gentle, but firm, with your hands, and speaking to the casualty kindly, but purposefully.

Building up trust
Talk to the casualty throughout your examination and treatment.
 Explain what you are going to do.
 Try to answer questions honestly to allay fears as best you can. If you do not know the answer, say so.
 Continue to reassure the casualty even when your treatment is complete-find out about the next-of-kin, or anyone else who should be contacted about the incident. Ask if you can help to make arrangements so that any responsibilities the casualty may have, such as collecting a child from school, can be taken care of.
 Do not leave someone whom you believe to be dying. Continue to talk to the casualty, and hold his or her hand, never let the person feel alone.

Talking to relatives
The task of informing relatives of a death is usually the job of the police or the doctor on duty. However, it may well be that you have to tell relatives or friends that someone has been taken ill, or has been involved in an accident.
Always check that you are speaking to the right person first. Then explain, as simply and honestly as you can, what has happened, and, if appropriate, where the casualty has been taken. Do not be vague or exaggerate; you may cause undue alarm, it is better to admit ignorance than to give misleading information.

Coping with children
Young children are extremely perceptive and will quickly detect any uncertainly on your part. Gain an injured or sick child’s confidence by talking first to someone he or she trust-a parent accepts you and believes you will help, this confidence will be conveyed to the child.
Always explain simply to a child what is happening and what you intend to do;
Do not talk over his or her head. You should not separate a child from his or her mother, father or other trusted person.

LOOING AFTER YOURSELF
It is important not to jeopardize your personal safety. Do not attempt heroic rescues in hazardous circumstances.

Coping with unpleasantness
The practice of first aid can be messy, smelly, and distasteful, and you may feel that you will not be able to cope with this. Such fears are common but usually groundless. First-aid training will bolster your self-reliance and confidence and will help you to control your emotions in a difficult situation.

Taking stock after an emergency
Assisting at an emergency is a stressful event, and you may suffer a delayed reaction some time afterwards. You may feel satisfaction r even elation, but it is common to be upset, particularly if the casualty was a stranger and you might not know the outcome of your efforts.

PROTECTING YOUR SELF AGAINST INFECTION

You may worry about picking up infections from casualties. Often, simply measures such as washing your hands and wearing gloves will protect both you and the casualty from cross-infection.
However, there is a risk that blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B or C and HIV (which can lead to AIDS-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), may be spread by blood-to-blood contact.
These viruses can be transmitted only if an infected person’s blood makes contact with a break in the skin, such as a cut or abrasion containing blood or blood products, of another person. No evidence exists of hepatitis or HIV being passed on during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
To prevent cross-infection, you should:
 always carry protective gloves;
 cover your own sores or skin wounds with a waterproof plaster;
 wear a plastic apron when dealing with large quantities of a casualty’s body fluids and wear plastic glasses to protect your eyes against splashes;
 take care not to prick yourself with any needle found on or near the casualty, or to cut yourself on glass;
 if your eyes, nose or mouth or any wound on your skin is splashed by the casualty’s blood, wash thoroughly with soap and water as soon as possible, and consult a doctor;
 use a mask or face shield for mouth to mouth ventilation if the casualty’s mouth or nose is bleeding;
 dispose of blood and waste safely after treating the casualty

Seeking immunization
First Aiders should seek medical advice on hepatitis B immunization from their own doctors. If, after giving first aid, you are concerned that you have been in contact with infection of any sort, seek further medical advice.